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8.ImpressionofthesealoftheRoyal
UniversityofWarsawwiththeofcialemblem
oftheCongressKingdom,1823–1831,MUW
1823
betweenthewingsofthemonster;huddledandsullen,itappearedto
bemortifiedthattheonetowhomithadoncegivenorders,wasnow
holdingitinitsirongrip”.23TesixsealswiththeWhiteEagleused
bytheUniversityintheperiod1817–23(Fig.7),aswellasnumerous
sealsmadeinJanuary1823,wheretheWhiteEagledoesindeedKallbut
disappearbetweenthewingsofthemonster”beareloquenttestimonyto
thissymbolicanddramaticchange(Fig.8).DuringtheNovemberUp-
risingtheGovernmentCommission,byamemorandumdated9Febru-
ary1831,KadvisedtheUniversitytohaveitssealmadewiththeWhite
Eagleandanappropriateinscription”;24however,thereisnoknownsur-
vivingexampleofit.
Thelastyearsof
theCongressKingdom
Teconsequencesoftheauthorities’anti-constitutionalactions
wereparticularlyevidentintheireducationpolicies.On9December
1820StanisławKostkaPotockiwasdismissedasMinisterofPublicEn-
lightenment,usingthepublicationofhissatiricalnovelPodróżdoCiem-
nogrodu[AJourneytoIgnoranceville]asapretextandthuscausingan
outcryamongalargepartofthePolishclergy.25Potocki,whodiednine
monthslater,relinquishedhispostinfavourofStanisławGrabowski,
whosoongainedthenicknameofKMinisterofPublicBefuddlement”.
NiemcewiczwroteofGrabowski,butalreadyfromtheperspectiveofan
émigréoftheNovemberuprising:KStanisławAugustusleftseveralnatu-
ralchildren;amongthem,siredonMrsGrabowska,wastheridiculously
famousStaśGrabowski,whomthemysticAlexanderI,totheamaze-
mentoftheentirenation,elevatedtothepostofministerofenlighten-
ment;he,beingofanaturebothvainandbase,genuflectedfirstbefore
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