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TAMARABRZOSTOWSKA-TERESZKIEWICZ
asthe1970s,whilelookingatthereceptionofBaudelaireandtheFrench
ParnassiansinYoungPoland’sliterarycircles,aPolishliteraryhistorian
wasmovedtoobserve:“Paradoxically,indeed,modernisttranslationł
remainsatthemarginsofhistoricalliteraryscholarship.łWehavelittle
knowledge[ofthenatureofmodernistinterculturalencounters-T.B.-T.],
exceptasregards“influencesandanalogies”inthefallaciousmannerof
positivistcomparativism”(Święch1970,199).
AccordingtoStevenG.Yao,thebelatedacknowledgementoftranslation
asavalidobjectofmoderniststudies
lendsgeneralcredencetooneofthegroundingcriticalclaimsoftransla-
tionstudies,namelythattranslationasamodeofcultural,andespecially
literaryproductionhasbeenincorrectlyconsideredasecondorderor
ancillaryactivity,andhenceunfairlyoverlookedassubordinateandeven
inferiorto“original”compositioninbothcreativeandculturalsignificance.
(Yao2013,209)
Infact,anycomprehensiveassessmentofmodernisttranslationprac-
tices,Yaoargues,letalonemultilingualexperimentalismamonghistorical
avant-gardes,demandsthattranslationbeacknowledgedas“anexpressly
generative,ratherthanmerelymimetic,modeofculturalproduction”(Yao
2013,210).Clearly,suchabroadundertakingcouldnothavebeencom-
pletedwithoutmassivestructuralandepistemologicalchangesinthe
humanities.
Itwasthe“culturalturn”ofthe1980sthatlargelyfacilitatedthemo-
mentousandlongoverdueconvergenceofTranslationStudiesandresearch
onmodernism—twopreviouslydistinct,mutuallyincongruentand,to
alargeextent,asynchronouslyevolvingtrends.Ofcourse,whentracingthe
belatedencounterbackintime,onehastobearinmindthatitwasnot
untilthe1970sthattranslationstudiesestablisheditselfasanintegrated
andcohesivedisciplineintheinauguralworksofItamarEven-Zoharand
otherPolysystemTeoryscholars,theManipulationSchool(seeHermans
(ed.)1985),andtheGermanfunctionalapproach(seeSnell-Hornby1988,
Gentzler[1993]2001).Te“culturalturn”largelyestablishedthebasic
profileofTranslationStudiesasan“interdiscipline”/“polydiscipline”(Bass-
nettandLefèvere1990,11-12;Snell-Hornby2006,47;Trivedi2007,280;
