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TAMARABRZOSTOWSKA-TERESZKIEWICZ
self-defnitionwithintheemerginginternationaldisciplineoftranslation
studies”(Tymoczko2007,80).Toury’smoveproved“criticalindecenter-
ingtranslationstudiesasaninternationalfield,inmovingthefieldbeyond
Eurocentricpositions,inoferingsufcientconditionsforatranscultural
conceptoftranslationratherthanattemptingtodefinearbitrarynecessary
conditions,andinpermittingself-representationregardingthebasicdataof
translationbypeoplewhoknowitbestintheirowncultures”(Tymoczko
2007,81).Teconsequencesofthistheoreticalgesturehavebeendescribed
bythePolishliterarytranslationscholarMagdaHeydel:
Thismaximallyopen,descriptive,andaposterioridefinitionnotonlyplac-
esthesubjectoftranslationstudiesresearchintheareaofthetargetcul-
turebutalsoshiftsthepointofinteresttothespecific,historicallyvariable
andculturallyrelativeconditionsinwhichthesubjectisformed.Itques-
tionsthevalidityofaprioriassumptionsofthetraditionaldefinitionsof
translationwhileoferingtheradicalrelativizationoftheirpotentialfind-
ingsandovercomingtheviewsofthenatureoftranslationwhichhave
beenstronglyrootedintheWesternsystemofthought.(Heydel2013,41)
ItwasinhisgroundbreakingBeyondDescriptiveTranslationStudiesthat
Touryintroducedthenotionofthe“assumedtranslation”([1995]2012,
26-31)claimingthatfromthepointofviewofthetargetculture“pseu-
dotranslations(orfictitioustranslations)arereallyonaparwithgenuine
translations”([1995]2012,47).Whatisexposedhereisthetacitassump-
tionthat“foreveryassumedtranslation,acorrespondingtextinanother
language/culturemusthaveexisted”([1995]2012,47)(theCSource-Text
Postulate’)andthat“theprocesswherebytheassumedtranslationcame
intobeinginvolvedthetransferfromtheassumedsourcetextofcertain
featuresthatthetwonowshare”([1995]2012,30)(theCTransferPostulate’).
Remarkably,thedeepparadigmaticchangeintranslationstudiesinau-
guratedbyGideonTouryandstrengthenedbythePolysystemtheoreticians
attheturnofthe1970sand1980sderiveditsmainimpulsesfromtheRus-
sianFormalists,towhomliterarycriticismowestheoppositionbetween
theessentialandtheinstitutionaldefinitionsofliterature(seeNycz2002,
44-45).Notonlyhasthe“culturalturn”considerablyalteredthepragmatic
rankoftranslationintheculturaluniverseofdiscoursebutitalsochanged
