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1.1.Contemporarydefnitionsandunderstandingofsafety:contextsandcontroversies
thesetreatsandoperationalizessafetydińerently.Tisdiversityofap-
proachestosafetyissueshasforcedresearcherstoadaptdefinitionsfrom
dińerentsciences,whichresultedinunnecessarymethodologicalcompli-
cations.Tecoexistenceofmultiplemeaningsattributedtothetermpro-
motesitsuniversalityanddiversity.However,thisdiversitycanalsolead
toasituationwheresafetyisapproachedmoreasanideologicalconcept
ratherthanapurelyscientificone(Moczuk,2017).Analyzingitsvarious
definitions,onecanconcludethatforanindividual,socialgroup,orcom-
munitytobesafe,theyshouldbeguaranteedsurvival,development,as
wellasproperfunctioning.Furthermore,theanalysisofthedefinitions
ofsafetyallowsustodistinguishamongthem:
-Subjectivedefinitions—Tesedefinitionsemphasizethefunda-
mentalaspectsofsafety,namelythepreservationofindividual
survivalandtheabsenceofthreateningcircumstances.Further-
more,theyindicatethatthesubjectofsafetyextendsbeyondthe
individualtoencompassthecollectivewelfareofthestate;
-Subjective-psychologicaldefinitions—Tesedefinitionsunder-
scoretheimportanceofensuringtheindividual)scertaintyof
survivaloftheindividual,aswellastheirmentalwell-being,In
peacefulconditions,freefromthreats,individualscanthriveand
thuscontributetosociety,astheybenefitfrompsychologicalfac-
torsasasenseofcertaintyandrelianceonpeopleandinstitutions;
-Subjectiveandenumerativedefinitions—Tesedefinitionsde-
scribesafetyasastatethatfulfillstheparticularneedsofaperson,
socialgroup,orsocietyasawhole.Tisfulfillmentisanecessary
conditionfortheexistenceofsafety.
-Objectivedefinitions—Tesedefinitionsallowforidentifyingthe
conditionsthatmustbefulfilledtoensuretheexistenceofbothin-
dividualsandsocietyasawhole(Moczuk,2009).
Teterm“polysemantic”isofenusedconcerningsafety.Tepolyse-
mousinterpretationofsafetywithintheconstructionofthecognitive
categoryisentirelyjustifiedifwemakethefollowingassumptions:
-theconceptofsafetyisambiguous,dependingonvariouscondi-
tions,includinghistorical,cultural,andpoliticalones;
-safetymanifestsitselfinthemostdiversespheresofeverydaylife,
inthepracticeoftheactivitiesofstatesandinternationalorgani-
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