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HannaKomorowska
L2intothemothertonguewasextensivelyused,which-togetherwiththe
popularityofessaywriting-contributedtothepromotionofliteracyandmore
advancedlinguisticskills,alsointherstlanguageofthestudents,afeatureof
greatsignificanceforlargelyilliteratecommunities.
Towardtheendoftheinterwarperiod,product-orientedapproachesgrewin
importanceandbehaviourism,whichreachedthestatusofthedominantschool
ofthought,directedharshcriticismatallsubjectiveandintegrativeapproaches.
Atthesametimeproponentsofstructuralismstressedtheinsufciencyofprac-
ticallanguagelearningandtheneedtointroducemorelinguisticcontentatthe
costofhighculture.Tequantitativeparadigmenteredthescenesignallingthe
arrivaloftheaudiolingualerawithitspostulatestofocusondecontextualized
partsofthewhole,whichwouldallowfortheanalysisofquantifiableproducts
invitingformal,statisticalapproaches.Summativeevaluationwithobjective
languagetestingwasbornrightaferWorldWarIIanddominatedthescene
formorethanthreedecades.
Tequalitativeparadigminitsmodernizedformstartedghtingbackat
thebeginningofthe1970s.Teinternationallyreputedsociologist,Polish-born
StanisławAndrzejewski,takenintoRussiancaptivityafertheSeptemberCam-
paignof1939andafugitivefromKatyn,publishingunderthenameofStanislav
Andreski,wasoneoftherstcriticsofthequantitativeapproach.Inhisseminal
bookSocialSciencesasSorcery(Andreski,1972),heattackedCthewideaccept-
anceofthedogmathatnothingcanbeworthknowingthatcannotbecounted)
(1972:118)andstatedthatalthoughhefullyappreciatestheusefulnessofquan-
tificationwhenitismorethananacademiccamouflage,heisarguingagainst
Cthesoul-destroyingtabooagainsttouchinganythingthatcannotbequantified)
(1972:145).
Inlanguageeducation,supportersofthequalitativeapproachturnedagainst
sometestingtechniquessuchasgaplling,matchingandCcloze)duetotheirlack
ofauthenticity.Teyalsowentontocriticizethelowcommunicativevalueof
testingcausedbyexaminers)behaviourandtheabsenceofexchangestypicalof
everydayinteraction.Teyalsopointednotonlytothestressfactorimpacting
ontestreliability,butalsotothenegativewashbackectofnalexaminations
onthelearningprocess.
Withtheproliferationoflanguagetestsmoreanti-quantitativearguments
werepresented.Itwaspointedoutthatlanguageteststestwhatiseasytotest
andnotwhatisworthtesting.Claimsthatlanguagetestshavethepotentialto
enhancethetransferoftraining,thankstowhichallskillsdevelopedduring