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HannaKomorowska
Tebirthofformativeevaluation,markedbythepublicationofBloom)s
HandbookofFormativeandSummativeEvaluationofStudentLearning(Bloom
etal.,1971)andScriven)s(1967)conceptofformativityingeneraleducation,
coincidedwiththeriseofthelearner-centredtendenciesinlanguageteaching
andthegrowingpopularityoftheCommunicativeApproachwithitsemphasis
onindividualizationandskillsintegration.Ineducationalmeasurement,the
changebroughtaboutbyformativeevaluationmeantamovefromproductto
processandfromtestingtoassessmentoflearning,whichwassoontransformed
intoassessmentforlearningtonallybecomeassessmentaslearning(Earl,2013).
Formativeevaluationandfeedbacksupportedlearnerautonomywiththepop-
ularsetofthreequestions:HowamIgoing?WhereamIgoing?andWhereto
next?(Hattie&Timperley,2007).
Tequestionwassoonaskedwhetherthepromotionofthequalitativeap-
proachandformativeevaluationleadstoparadigmwarorwhetherparadigm
peaceorcoexistenceiseventuallypossible(Bryman,2006).Tecrudealterna-
tivewhichheldthatparadigmsaremutuallyexclusivewasinitiallyacceptedby
researchers,butdidnotprovetobeattractiveforeducators.Inconsequence,
formativeevaluationwasnotviewedasopposedtothesummativeone.Acon-
tinuum,withfrequentinstancesofsummativeevaluationandregulardiagnostic
useoftheformativeone,seemedamoreappropriatemodelpermittingintegra-
tionofbothevaluationtypes(Looney,2011).
Soonbothtypesofevaluationcametobeviewedascomplementaryproce-
dures:summativeevaluationfocusedontheproductandformativeevaluation
-ontheprocess(Hattie,2008).Summativeevaluationisstillvaluedwhenthe
systemrequiresschoolsandteacherstogradestudentsand/orprioritisethem.
Formativeevaluation,ontheotherhand,supportsstudentlearning,helpsteach-
erstogetfeedbacktochangethecourseofteachingaswellastogivefeedback
inordertostimulateandsupportthelearningprocess(Black,2010;OECD,
2015;Wiliam,2010).Tereare,however,problemsnotyetresolved,questions
notyetansweredandissuescallingfordiscussion.
Oneofthemaincontroversiesintheeldofevaluationandassessmentin
FLT/SLAisagoaltobepursuedbylearners(Kucharczyk,2015).Itismoreor
lessagreedthatanalternativetothecriterionofthenative-speakerisneeded
and,consideringavarietyofWorldEnglishesandthefunctionofEnglishas
alinguafrancaofthemodernworld,thecriterionofaproficientspeakeris
probablythebestoption.Yetthequestionremainshowtoavoidthemodelof
anidealeducatednative-speaker(Davies,2015).Forthetimebeing,whatinfact