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CHAPTER11MARKETINGCOMMUNICATIONINTHELIGHTOFINTERNETDEVELOPMENTTHEORETICAL111
uationwheretheroleofthesenderandtherecipientisdefinedandratherunchangeable,
itisreferredtoasaformal(thoughnotalways)communicationprocess.Inanothercase,
whenparticipatingentitiesexchangeroles,communicationisdescribedasinformal.
CONTEXT
CONTEXT
SENDER
Informationnoise
Feedback
CHANNEL
Message
RECIPIENT
CONTEXT
CONTEXT
Figure1.Communicationprocessmodel
Source:ownstudyusingsocialcommunicationtheory(Griffin2003).
Thesender,wantingtoconveycertaininformation,formulatesamessage,usespat-
ternsandsymbolsknowntohim.Themessageencodedinthiswaygoestotherecipient,
whosetaskistoread(decode)themeaningofthesymbolismused(words,gestures,facial
expressions,paralanguage,proxemics,haptics,etc.).Amessagethatprovidesspecific
informationisdeliveredfromthesendertotherecipientviaachannelthatcanbeone
ormoresenses(hearing,sight,touch,smellortaste).
Inadditiontothechannelforthecommunicationofthemessage,certainmeansof
communicationarenecessary,affectingalsothetypeofcommunication.Forexample,
indirectcommunication,informationisconveyedduringaconversation,inwhichmost
oftenthedirectinteractionofcommunicationparticipantsoccurs.Thiscanbedoneduring
face-to-faceconversationsorviatelephoneorSkype,whereparticipantsinthecommu-
nicationprocesscanhear,seeorengagebothsensesatthesametime.
Inthecaseofindirectcommunication,mostoften,thereisalackofdirectcontact
betweenparticipants,andthetransferofinformationtakesplacethroughvariousmeans
ofcommunication,e.g.radio,television,outdooradvertising.Citingthetheoryofsocial
communication,Wiktor(2013)distinguishesthreegroupsofmedia,whichinclude:
presentationmeans(e.g.voice,face,sight,facialexpressionsandothers);
representationalmeans(e.g.pictures,texts,drawings,photos,filmsandothers)
and
technicalmeansalsoreferredtoasmechanical(e.g.press,radio,television,tele-
phoneandothers).
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