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18
AgostinoMassa
recognizedcitizenslivingabroadandgrantthemdualcitizenshipornationality,
aswellasvotingrightsindomesticgeneralelections.41TransnationalNation
Statesareheavilydependentonmigrants’remittancesfortheirsocio-
economicstability,bothindividuals’financialcontributionsanduhometown
associationactivities”
.Forthisreason,butalsoforideologicalandcultural
motivations42theyaresettooffertheiremigrantsdifferentformsofsupport,43
alsothroughtheorganizationofextensivenetworksofconsularservices.44
ThecaseofMexicoisparticularlyinterestingasanexampleofsuchpolicies
ofsupportingmigrantsthroughorganizationofconsularservices.Itismainly
amigrant-sendingcountry,with12,965,000citizenslivingabroadin2017,
roughly10.0%oftotalpopulation.Itsterritoryisalsothenaturaltransitarea
formigrantsseekingtoreachtheUSAfromCentralandevenSouthAmerican
countries.
MostmigratoryflowsfromMexicotakethesamedirection,too.They
startedwiththeBraceroProgram(1942-1946),whichmobilized4.5million
youngmentoworkastemporarymigrantsintheUSagricultureandrailway
trackmaintenance,45andincreasedconstantlyinthelastfourdecades.In
2010,one-thirdofimmigrantstotheUSAwereMexicannationals,whileover
halfofthemareconsideredtobeundocumented,constitutingabout62%the
country’stotalirregularpopulation.46
TheseimmigrantstotheUSA,eitherdocumentedorundocumented,
tendtolackaccesstohealthcareservices,likewisemostoftheHispanic
population.Recentdatashowthat45%ofundocumentedimmigrantsto
theUSAarecurrentlyuninsured,whereasonly8%ofcitizensareinsuch
situation.Moreover,theimplementationin2010ofthePatientProtection
andAffordableCareAct(ACA),alsoknownasuObamacare”
,hasincreased
41
Cf.P
.Boccagni,Votarepersentirsiacasa.Iltransnazionalismopoliticofragliimmigrati
ecuadorianiinItalia,uPolis”2008,XXII,1,pp.35-56;P
.Boccagni,J.Ramírez,Building
DemocracyorReproducing‘Ecuadoreanness’?ATransnationalExplorationofEcuadorean
Migrants’ExternalVoting,uJournalofLatinAmericanStudies”2013,45(4),pp.721-750;
R.C.Smith,ContradictionsofDiasporicInstitutionalizationinMexicanPolitics,uEthnicand
RacialStudies”2008,31(4),pp.708-741.
42
Cf.P
.Boccagni,Makingthe“FifthRegion”arealplace?Emigrantpoliciesandtheemigration-
nationnexusinEcuador,uNationalIdentities”2014,16(2),pp.117-137.
43
Cf.P
.Levitt,J.Viterna,A.Mueller,C.Lloyd,Transnationalsocialprotection...,op.cit.,p.3.
44
Cf.A.Delano,MexicoAndItsDiasporaintheUnitedStates,CambridgeUniversityPress,
Cambridge2011.
45
Cf.S.Castles,H.DeHaas,M.J.Miller,TheAgeofMigration…,op.cit.,p.130.
46
Cf.Ibidem,pp.135-136.
