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THETRANSLATIONALTURNINMODERNISMSTUDIES
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thestatusoftranslationasasubjectofscholarlystudy(inlinguistics,
comparativeliterature,culturalstudies,anthropology).Asaresultofthe
“culturalturn,”asMariaTymoczkowrote,
descriptivetranslationstudiesdeepenedtheanalysesofwhatcountsas
thepositionalityofthetranslator,thesourceculture,thetargetculture,
thetranslationproduct,andtheresearcher.Positionalitycametobeseen
notmerelyasamatterofhistory,geography,materialculture,ortheliter-
arysystem,butalsoasaquestionofitsrelationtopowerstructures,ideol-
ogy,politics,andethics.(Tymoczko2007,44)
Te“culturalturn”highlightedthepracticesofinterlinguisticandintercul-
turalmediationingeopoliticalandideologicalconfrontations,aswellasin
processesofconstructingethnicandculturalidentities.Doingso,italso
encouragedtheemergenceofanumberofnewmethodologicallyhybrid
researchfields(BassnettandLefèvere1990,11-12;Snell-Hornby2006,47;
Trivedi2007,280;Heydel2009).
Meanwhile,sincethelate1970s,asEdwinGentzlerhaspointedout,
avarietyofinternationalacademicandsocio-politicalevents“havemade
conditionsripeforaCtranslationalturn’inseveralfieldsofhumanities
simultaneously,includinglinguistics,anthropology,psychology,women’s
studies,culturalstudies,andpostcolonialstudies”([1993]2001,187).Te
“translationalturn”inculturalstudieswasdiscussedbyDorisBachmann-
MedickinherCulturalTurns.NeuorientierungenindenKulturwissenschaf-
ten([2006]2010,238-283).Heranalysisprovidedatwofoldunderstanding
oftranslationas,atonelevel,abasictransnationalculturalpractice(ame-
diumforculturalcontact,aprocedureforinterculturalencounters)and,at
amethodologicalmeta-level,asaquasi-organisationalprinciple(structural
matrix)withinthediscourseofculturalstudiessetinmotionbyatransdis-
ciplinaryexchangeoftheories,stylesofthought,terminologicalvocabu-
laries,andresearchresults.ForBachmann-Medick,notonlyculturebut
alsoculturalstudiesitselfappearedasinvolvedinacontinuousprocessof
translationbetweenvariousparadigms.Translationthenbecomes“amodel
fordisciplinarylinking,wheretheindividualdisciplinesmakethemselves
assusceptibleaspossibletoconnectionswithotherareasofknowledge
andexploretheirCcontactzones’”(Bachmann-Medick2009,12).Infact,
