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Contents
Introduction
1.CulturalinfluenceontheusageofdiminutivesbytheEnglishandthePoles
1.1Teproblemofthedefinitionofculture
1.2Teinterrelationshipbetweencultureandlanguage
1.3Translatinglanguages—Translatingcultures
1.4TeEnglishandthePoles—Twodiferentcultures,twodiferentapproachestothe
useofdiminutives
1.4.1TeindividualisticcultureofEnglishmenanditsinfluenceonthepresenceof
diminutivesintheirlanguage
1.4.2TecollectivisticcultureofPolesasadeterminantofrichdiminutivederivation
intheirlanguage
1.4.2.1TeexaggerateduseofdiminutivesinPolish—Itsreasonsandconse-
quences
1.4.2.2DiminutivesassignsofinfantilisationofPolish
2.ComparisonoflinguisticmeansusedtocreatediminutivesinEnglishand
Polish
2.1FormationofdiminutivesinPolish
2.2FormationofdiminutivesinEnglish
3.MeaningsofdiminutivesinEnglishandPolish
3.1Diferentapproachestotheprototypicalmeaningofdiminutives
3.2TemeaningsofPolishdiminutives
3.3TemeaningsofEnglishdiminutives
4.Pragmaticfunctionsofdiminutivesinlanguagecommunication
4.1Diminutivesandtheirrelationwiththeconceptsoffaceandpoliteness
4.1.1Leech’sTeoryofPoliteness
4.1.2BrownandLevinson’sTeoryofPoliteness
4.2Diminutivesusedinassertiveacts
4.3Diminutivesusedindirectiveacts
4.4Diminutivesusedincommissiveacts
4.5Diminutivesusedinexpressiveacts
4.6Diminutivesusedinvocativeacts
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