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thesetwocriteriaexplorationandcommitmentgivefourtypesofidentity
whichcanbeusedtodescribedifferentstatusesofprofessionalidentity.
Identitydiffusionappearsinsituationsinwhichindividualsarenot
pressed,eitherexternallyorinternally,tomakechoices.Theirprofessional
livesareamosaicofideaswhichareusuallynotbroughttofruitionbecause
oflackofwillpower.Suchpeopleareunabletosaywhotheyare,ordefine
whatkindofjobtheywouldliketoperform,andusuallytheirprofessional
decisionsarelimitedtowhatistotheirpersonaladvantageintheshortterm.
Inthisstatusofidentitythereisneitherexplorationnorcommitmentmak-
ing.
Identityforeclosureistypicalofpeoplewhohaveneverhadthechanceto
experimentontheirown,ortestthemselvesinwhattheywouldliketodoin
thefuture.Here,apersonidentifieshimselforherselfwithanauthority,ac-
ceptscompartmentalizedprofessionalrolesandsolvesacrisisbyadopting
decisionsmadebyothers.Althoughcrisishasbeenpreventedandafeeling
ofsecurityincreased,thefactthattheiridentityhasbeentakenoverfrom
anotherperson,ratherthanworkedoutthroughtheirowneffortsmayresult
initstemporariness.Thisisbecausetherealshapingofprofessionalidentity
maystartatthepointinwhichtheusefulnessofidentificationwithsomeone
elseends(Brzezińska&Appelt,2004,p.21).However,suchaprotracted
identitysearchcaneventuallyleadtointegrationintodifferentprofessional
spheresandturnouttobeconducivetoachievingbalanceandastrong
senseofidentity(Crain,2005,p.289).Inaword,identityforeclosuremakes
roomforcommitmentwithoutexploration.
Identitymoratoriumresultsfromalongperiodofexperimentingandlook-
ingforpossibilities,Hakindof‘timeout’periodforfindingoneself”(Crain,
2005,p.288).Bombardedwithnumerousideas,apersoncannotdecide
whichoptiontochoose.Althoughmoratoriumoftenoccursatthetimeof
studyingatcollege,therearepeoplewhocanbarelyarticulatetheirprefer-
encesforanoccupation,experimentwithvariousjobsandfinditdifficultto
choosetheirprofessionalpath.Explorationispresentinthisidentitystatus,
yetmakinglastingcommitmentsisfrequentlypostponed.
Identityachievementincludesbothexplorationandmakingcommitment.It
resultsfromanin-depthrecognitionofaperson’sabilities,possibilitiesand
preferencesforfutureactivities.Thislevelcanbeachievedbythosewho
knowwhotheyareandwhattheywouldliketoachieve,orbythosewhodo
notsuccumbtoothers’decisions,norarehelplesswhenencounteringdiffi-
culties.Theachievedidentityisreflectedinanintegrated,stableandmature
personality.
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