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CHAPTER2
SEMANTICLOANS,LOANTRANSLATIONS,
ANDLOANRENDITIONS:
THEORETICALCONSIDERATIONS
2.1Introduction
Theaimofthepresentchapteristoprovidetheoreticalbackgroundconcerning
semanticloans,loantranslationsandloanrenditions.Inaddition,related
concepts,viz.semi-calquesandsemi-renditions,arealsopresented.
Thenotionsofasemanticloanandaloantranslation(alsoknownas
acalque)werediscussedbynumerouslinguists;despitethis,thereisstillnot
ashortageofvariousunderstandingsofthetwoterms,cf.R.Fischer(2008:5),
whorightlyclaimsthattheterminologyintheareaofborrowingsandlanguage
contactis“verymixed,”mostlyduetoalargenumberofstudiesdealingwiththe
subject,whichnotinfrequentlyapproachthesubjectfromdifferentperspectives.
Thus,mostofthepresentchapterisdevotedtopresentingvariousdefinitions
andunderstandingsofthetermsinquestionaswellasdiscussingthedifferences
andsimilaritiesthatholdbetweenthem.
Theorganizationofthechapterisasfollows:thefirstpartofthechapter
(Section2.2)isdevotedtosemanticloans,followedbythedescriptionofloan
translations(Section2.3).Thenextsection(2.4)isconcernedwiththeproblems
associatedwiththeidentificationofsemanticborrowingsandloantranslations,
followedbyadescriptionoftheprocessoftheiremergence(Section2.5).
Next,possiblereasonsforintroducingsemanticloansandloantranslationsare
discussed(Section2.6),togetherwiththenormativeassessmentofsemantic
loansandloantranslations(Section2.7).Finally,Sections2.8and2.9aredevoted
tothediscussionofEnglishsemanticloansandloantranslationsinPolish,both
