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Semanticloans,loantranslations,andloanrenditions:Theoreticalconsiderations
kalkasemantyczna,cf.Buttler(1978:35),Nowowiejski(2010:90),orkalka
znaczeniowa,cf.Bartłomiejczyk(2006a:32);cf.alsoHerman(2008:11).16
Thelinguiststhatusebothterms(i.e.semanticborrowingandsemantic
calque),usuallyusetheminterchangeably,withnodistinctioninmeaning,e.g.
Obara(1989:58),Walczak(1992b:225,232;2010:189),Górnicz(2010:74),
PiotrowiczandWitaszek-Samborska(2013:65).Markowski(2012:126)even
statesexplicitlythatasemanticcalqueisadifferentnameforasemanticloan.17
Notalllinguists,however,sharethesameview,cf.Sawicka(2012:60),whomakes
adistinctionbetween,asshecallsthem,kalkiznaczeniowe[calquesofmeaning]
andsemanticborrowings;shedoesnotprovide,however,anyadditional
theoreticalexplanationsandtheexamplesprovideddonotseemtomakethe
distinctionclear.Foracompletelydifferentunderstandingofasemanticcalque,
cf.WaszakowaorOkulska,whouseittodescribeloantranslations,cf.broń
konwencjonalna(E.conventionalweapon)(Okulska2006:217)orcyberwojna(E.
cyberwar)(Waszakowa2005:23).18Asimilar,thoughnotidentical,understanding
ofasemanticcalquecanbefoundinWieluniecka(2010),whounderstandsit
asacalquewhereatleastoneelementisusedintheextended,non-traditional,
meaning(e.g.strumienievideocalquingEnglishvideostreams).
Consequently,itappearsthatitisbettertodiscardthetermsemanticcalque
altogether,asitisfarfromclearlyunderstoodand,additionally,itmakesthe
distinctionbetweensemanticloansandcalques(cf.Section2.4.5),alreadyvery
unclear,evenmoreblurred.Thus,inthepresentbook,thetermsemanticcalque
willnotbeused;instead,thetermssemanticloanandsemanticborrowingwill
interchangeablybeused.
16
Othertermsarealsodocumented,cf.e.g.Dubisz(1992:43),who,whiledescribingsemantic
borrowingsusedbythePoleslivinginanEnglish-speakingcountry,usesthetermsemantyczne
replikiwyrazowe[semanticword-replicas].
17
Earlier,however,Markowski(1992:159)usedthenotionofasemanticcalquein
asomewhatrestrictedsense:itwasusedwhenagivenphraseappearedwithreferencetoforeign
concepts,e.g.konferencja(koszykówki)(aconceptconnectedwithsportsintheUnitedStates,
e.g.conferencesintheNationalBasketballAssociation).Obara(1989:42),bycontrast,adopts
adifferentview:inhisunderstanding,inthecaseofsemanticcalquesthenewmeaning,modelled
onaforeigntemplate,tendstobefigurative.
18
SeealsoSosnowski(2000:322),who,whileanalyzingPolishandItalianusedinthearea
ofcomputers,distinguishesbetweensemanticcalquesandlexicalcalques;lexicalcalques,inhis
understanding,appeartobeequivalenttosemanticborrowings.Itisnotentirelyclear,however,
whatismeantbyasemanticcalque;mostprobably,thetermseemstorefertoloantranslations,
asinWaszakowa)sandOkulska)sunderstanding.
