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Semanticloans,loantranslations,andloanrenditions:Theoreticalconsiderations
inmeaning(nabrałnowegoznaczenia)butalsonewmeaningsoccurringin
individualtexts(jestużywanywnowymznaczeniu),i.e.not(yet)havingthe
statusofalexicalizedmeaning(fortheoppositeview,cf.Witalisz2010).In
muchthesameway,Wesołowska(1978:78)distinguishes,onthebasisofthe
degreeofstabilization,betweenfigurativeusesandfigurativemeaning,cf.also
Wojan(2010:46-47),whodistinguishes,atamoregenerallevel,betweenlexical
(systemic)meaningandtextualmeaning.Thisdistinctionunderlinesthefact
thatmanysemanticneologisms,includingsemanticloans,areunstableandwill
mostprobablynotsurviveinthelanguage.
Aquitedifferentexplanationofneosemantyzmcanbefoundintheappendix
sectionofNowysłownikpoprawnejpolszczyzny(henceforthNSPP),where
Jadacka(2002:1701)discussessemanticneologismsas“wyrazydobrzeznane
jakoskładnikisystemusłownikowego,używanewzupełnienowymznaczeniu,
ukształtowanymnagrunciejęzykarodzimegolubzapożyczonymzjęzyków
obcych”[wordswellknownascomponentsofthelexicalsystem,usedin
acompletelynewmeaning,eitherdevelopedinthenativelanguageorborrowed
fromaforeignlanguage].Thus,asMarkowski(2006:239)rightlynotices,the
definitionstressesthefactthatitisacompletelynewmeaningthatisadded
toanexisting,well-knownword.This,however,seemsatoofar-reaching
limitation;infact,thereexistmanyclassificationsofsemanticneologisms,
includingsemanticloans,thatstressthefactthattheproximityofthenewand
thetraditionalmeaningcanvarytoagreatextent,cf.Haugen,whodistinguishes
betweentwotypesofsemanticloans:loanhomonyms,whenthenewmeaning
“hasnothingincommonwiththeold,”andloansynonyms,whereonly“anew
shadeofmeaning”isaddedtoanativeword(Haugen1950:219).13Infact,the
changesinthecaseofsomeofthesemanticborrowingsareverysubtleand
nonewmeaning,orevenashadeofmeaning,appears,butrathertheword
issimplyusedinnewcollocations,cf.Górnicz(2010:74),whodescribesthe
phenomenonas“zniesienierestrykcjikolokacyjnych”[theabolitionofrestrictions
incollocations].Thisunderstandingwillalsobeusedinthepresentbook:thus,
itisnotnecessaryforthewordtobeusedinacompletelynewmeaningtobe
describedasasemanticinnovationorasemanticborrowing;infact,thereare
manyexamplesofsemanticborrowingsdescribedinthepresentstudywhere
thechangeinmeaningisverysubtle.
Semanticchanges(alsoreferredtoaszmianysłownikoweCdictionarychanges)
,
cf.Milewski1972:197),asAlgeo(1993)notes,are“extremelycommon”;
asimilarviewwasexpressedbyotherlinguists,e.g.PylesandAlgeo,whonote
thatchangeinmeaningis“aphenomenoncommontoalllanguages”(1982:
13
Haugenadmitshimself,however,thattheclassificationisnotalwayspossibletobe
performed,asitisfrequentlynotpossibletomeasurepreciselythedegreeofsemanticproximity
ofthetwomeanings.
