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Introduction
In2022itwillbe350yearssincethebirthand280yearssincethedeath
ofthefirstpoliticalémigréandthefirstHetmanofUkraineinexile,Pylyp
Orlyk.
On5April1710inBender,OrlykwaselectedHetmaninplaceofIvan
Mazepa.Hisdiaryentriesaresaturatedwiththeechoesofbothheroicdeeds
andthefataldefeatofMazepa’ssuccessor.Formorethanthreecenturies,
passionshaverevolvedaroundfailure,radicallyopposedandirreconcil
-
able.TeoutstandingUkrainianspecialistinmedievalhistoryYaroslav
Dashkevychwritesaboutit:
Mazepalost-andwasthereforeconsidereda“traitor.”Hadhewon,noonewould
haveconsideredhimatraitorjustasnooneconsideredGeorgeWashingtontraitor
who,alongwithlike-mindedpeople,“betrayed”theBritishcrown,seizedBritish
landsandfoundedtheUnitedStatesofAmericajustasnooneconsideredSimón
Bolivartraitorwho“betrayed”theSpanishcrownandstartedamovementforthe
independenceofSpanishlandsinSouthandCentralAmerica.
1
Itisworthsupplementingthesehighlightsbymentioningsomeprom
-
inentfigureswholostbattlesbutbecametheprideoftheircountriesand
nations.Hungary’snationalhero,LajosKossuth,didnotlivetoseehis
country’sindependence,justasHetmanOrlykdiedinexile.Furthermore,
theheroofBelarus,KastuśKalinowski,aferlosingthewar,lefhiscompa-
triotsaneternaltestamentthathasnotlostitsrelevancetothisday.Tadeusz
Kościuszko,inturn,isaheronotonlyofPolandbutalsoofAmerica.
1I.Дашке;Mч,IванМазепа(IванМазепа.Рос.я),in:idem,Постат..Нарисипро
д.яч.в.стор.{,пол.тики,культури,nb;.;2006,p.199(unlessotherwiseindicated,quota-
tionsaregiveninthetranslation).
