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3.3.
OBJECTIVESANDINSTRUMENTSOFINFLUENCEONAGRICULTUREANDRURALDEVELOPMENT
Figure3.2.Modelofinterventionisminhighlydevelopedcountries
Note:Thenumberofstarsindicatestherelativeimportanceofagivenactivityinthissphere,assumingatotal
of10points.
Source:elaboratedbytheauthorbasedonTheWorldBank,2998,p.231.
forcorrectingmarketshortcomingsandforensuringafairerremunerationofagricul-
tureoutsideofthemarketmechanism,especiallyintheareasofproducingpublicgoods
andnon-marketservices.
Inthepast,agriculturalpolicywasimplementedonanationalscale.However,with
thedevelopmentofintegrationprocessesthispolicycouldmovetoaninternationallevel.
Thisinternational,commonagriculturalpolicyisparticularlyadvancedintheEuropean
Union,withcurrently28Europeanstates,comprisingoverathirdofthecontinentand
encompassingover500millionpeople,whichismorethanhalfofEurope’spopulation.
Thecommonagriculturalpolicyandnationalagriculturalpoliciesshareanumberoftraits.
Whentalkingabouttheagriculturalinterventionistpoliciesinhighlydeveloped
countries,oneshouldtakenoteoftwostreamsthroughwhichresourcesstreamtoagri-
cultureandruralareas.Theformerisofamicrofinancialcharacter,relatedtoproviding
cheapcreditsandriskinsurances.Thelatterisofamacroeconomiccharacter,related
topriceandmarketpoliciesconcerningtheinternalmarket,protectionofthenational
market,supportingexportsanddevelopingruralareas.Oftentimesthisiscloselyrelated
tosubsidies,grants,productionandinvestmentsubventions.Directedagriculturalloan
programswereparticularlycommonfortheUSAinthe1960–1980period,whileinthe
EuropeanUniondirecttransfersbecameakeyformofsupportingagricultureandrural
areasafter1992.Directareaproductionsubsidiesanddifferentformsofsupporting
ruraldevelopmentinvestments(Table3.2)wereofparticularimportancehere.
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