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3.4.
MANAGEMENTOFAGRICULTURALPOLICYPROGRAMS
Directsubsidies.Resourcesusedforsupportingpricesthroughproduction
supportandadirectsubsidysystem.
Customs(external)mechanismsrelatingtoimportandexport.
Othermeansoforganizingmarketsandsupportingprices.
Theorganizationofamarketanditsbasicmechanismshaveimpactedtheprices,
production,tradeandconsumptionindiverseways.Internalmarketpricesforallofthe
basicgoodswerekepthigherthanglobaloffersavailablewithintheCommunity’sbor-
ders.Agriculturalsupportchannelsaredirectedbymarketandpricepolicies,directpro-
ductionandagriculturalholdingsubsidies(1
st
pillaroftheCommonAgriculturalPolicy)
andindirectly,throughruraldevelopmentprograms(2
nd
pillarofCAP),aswellasre-
gionalandstructuralpolicies(cohesionpolicy).Theimplementationofsuchapolicy
createsmeasurableeconomicandfinancialcosts,facingpoliticalandsocialresistance.
Therefore,itnecessitatesbothatheoreticaljustificationandappropriateeconomicand
financialcalculationstopresentacaseforsuchamodelofinterventionism.
Directsubsidiesareoneofthekeyinstrumentsofthe1stpillarofCAPsupporting
agriculturalincomeandproduction.The2
nd
pillarofCAPisfocusedondevelopingrural
areas.Theinvestmentsupportforagriculturalholdingsalsobringstangibleresultsfor
productionandincome.Accordingtoestimates,1euroinvestedinPoland’sagriculture
intheyears2007–2013gaveagrossaddedvalueofEUR0.20andEUR0.10ofagricul-
turalincomeinaholding.InvestmentsupportwithinCAP’s2ndpillarconstitutesthe
largestpartoftheoverallbudgetforruralareadevelopmentprogramsimplementedin
thecurrentprogrammingperiod(2014–2020RDP).
3.4.Managementofagriculturalpolicyprograms
Adoptinganappropriatevisionanddevelopinganagricultureandruraldevelop-
mentpolicyareanimportant,yetinsufficientstageofmacroeconomicmanagementof
agricultureandruralareas.Countriesvaryintheirabilitytomanagesuchdevelopment.
Thecapacityforimplementingsuchprogramsisdependenton:
politicalacceptance;
administrativecapacity;
institutionaladequacy;
financialcapacity.
Fulfillingalloftheaboverequirementsisoftentimesdifficultorevenimpossible.
Differentcountriesexhibitvariedabilitiestoprepareandimplementreformsanddevel-
opmentprograms.Thedifficultyofpoliticalacceptanceisparticularlyrelevantforcoun-
triesandreformsthatvisiblydifferentiatebeneficiariesandlosers,forexampleduring
theimplementationofagriculturalreforms,privatizationprograms,transfersoffinan-
cialresourcesandequipmentundervarioussupportandincomedistributionprograms.
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